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《刑法的启蒙》读后感——浅析“天生犯罪人”理论/洪雅琴

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-24 04:35:57  浏览:8610   来源:法律资料网
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   19世纪后半叶,当时由于资本主义经济的发展,资本家竞相采用新技术,提高劳动生产率,扩大生产规模,吞并中小企业,生产资料、劳动力和商品生产日益集中于少数大企业,以致逐步形成垄断。自由竞争的资本主义转化为垄断资本主义,在这个转化的过程中,人口大量流向城市,贫富差距加剧,贫困、失业、颓废等社会问题层出不穷,犯罪现象激增。在阶级矛盾尖锐、犯罪急剧增加面前,古典学派的刑罚理论显得苍白无力,为了抑制犯罪激增,近代学派的刑法理论应运而生。近代学派分为人类学派和社会学派,人类学派强调犯罪的生物学原因,创始人为意大利人龙勃罗梭;社会学派强调犯罪的社会原因,代表人为李斯特。
   本读后感主要介绍刑事人类学派创始人龙勃罗梭提出的在其刑法思想中处于核心地位的理论——“天生犯罪人”理论。
   
   一、“天生犯罪人”理论的产生
   古希腊哲学家从哲学观点出发,认为犯罪是由人的意志或特性所决定的,他们把犯罪与社会经济、政治、人性等因素联系起来,力图从社会与人性本身寻找犯罪的原因。中世纪称神学盛行,认为犯罪是现实世界之外的超人类力量影响的结果,把犯罪归咎为妖魔鬼怪,罪犯是在某一方面和世界外部的妖魔鬼怪有着不正常关系的人。18世纪开始,启蒙思想家冲破了中世纪神学的束缚,用人类本身的原因解释人的行为,把犯罪和法律联系起来,否定了中世纪对犯罪本质的超自然解释,肯定了古希腊哲学家对犯罪本质的自然解释。[ 陈兴良:《刑法的启蒙》,法律出版社1998年版,第174-175页。]
   19世纪后半叶,达尔文的《物种起源》形成了以科学方法研究自然和社会现象的学术氛围。在这样的氛围下,龙勃罗梭将达尔文的进化论思路和孔德实证主义的方法引入犯罪原因的研究,运用生物学理论对犯罪的本质作出科学的说明。龙勃罗梭通过对大量的犯罪人进行观察和病理学研究后,“通过示范开辟了一条研究犯罪行为的新途径,那就是在研究和理解犯罪人之前,必须先了解犯罪人”。[ 【意】菲利:《实证派犯罪学》,中国人民公安大学出版社2004年版,第127页。] ,提出了“天生犯罪人”理论。
   他认为犯罪是由基因决定的,这里的基因是指导致行为人实施犯罪的生物学的遗传基因,基因通过遗传取得,因此犯罪人是天生的。他确信有些基因即使在当时看来无足轻重,而后则可能发展成为一个普遍适用的理论。[ 陈兴良:《刑法的启蒙》,法律出版社1998年版,第176页。]
   

二、“天生犯罪人”理论的发展
   “天生犯罪人”理论是龙勃罗梭早期著作的核心理论,但不是其全部犯罪学的唯一理论。在龙勃罗梭早期的研究中,他主要接受了达尔文的遗传概念,专注于对犯罪人生理的观察和研究,把犯罪原因仅归结为人类学方面的因素,认为犯罪是可以通过基因遗传给下一代的,仅以生物学为基础提出了“天生犯罪人”理论。而在晚期的研究中,龙勃罗梭发现在犯罪人身上存在许多无法用遗传来解释的情况,如那些没有犯罪基因的父母所生育的孩子实施了犯罪,这不是遗传,那如何解释这种人犯罪的原因呢?受到达尔文变异概念的影响,龙勃罗梭认为这是受到社会环境影响下生产的变异,他把这种变异成为堕落,于是摆脱了犯罪是天生的还是后天的非此即彼的思维模式,肯定了犯罪的先天因素和后天因素,提出犯罪原因除了种族和遗传等先天因素外,还包括后天因素。后天因素包括一定地理环境与社会环境,龙勃罗梭分别研究了地理与社会因素对犯罪的影响,强调智力、情感、本能、习惯、下意识反应、语言、模仿力等心理因素与政治、经济、人口、文化、教育、宗教、环境等社会因素与自然因素的作用。
   龙勃罗梭晚期的理论只是对早期的“天生犯罪人”理论的一种修正和完善,他并没有从本质上去否认天生犯罪人的存在,只是认为除了先天因素,还有后天因素影响着犯罪,从而降低了天生犯罪人在犯罪人总数中的比例。在《犯罪人论》的第五版中,他将天生犯人在全部犯人中的比例从原来的66%降低到40%;在《犯罪的原因和救治》中,又进一步降低到33%。这表明,龙勃罗梭对“天生犯罪人”理论的认识更加科学。

   三、对“天生犯罪人”理论的评价
   “天生犯罪人”理论标志着实证主义犯罪学的诞生,提供了实证主义的犯罪学研究方法,拓宽了犯罪学的研究范围。古典学派关注的是犯罪行为,且对犯罪行为只局限于法律规范的研究,追求理性思辨,脱离个案,使得犯罪研究处于虚幻的哲理中。龙勃罗梭从古典学派对犯罪的抽象研究转向对犯罪人的现实研究,是应当得到肯定的。然而,任何一种理论,都不可避免地带有时代背景的烙印,都会受到当时科学知识和技术状况的限制。“天生犯罪人”理论亦是如此,达尔文对生物学的不断认识和发展,使得龙勃罗梭不断修正和完善其“天生犯罪人”理论,使之更加科学。龙勃罗梭敢于对过去一直以理性可以自由支配意志为基础的人类观和刑法理论提出新的观念,在实证主义的基础上分析犯罪人的犯罪因素,当“天生犯罪人”理论受到批判时,在发现错误时,龙勃罗梭敢于承认错误,吸收了后天因素的原因去分析犯罪,不断修正和完善,形成犯罪原因的综合理论。龙勃罗梭这位严谨科学家的科学研究态度和勇气是值得敬佩和学习的。

   四、内因外因相互作用,内因的作用更甚一筹
   在几千年文化历史的人类社会中,是否真的存在天生犯罪人?俗话说得好:“龙生龙,凤生凤,老鼠的儿子会打洞!”,可见基因的重复性是多么强大。就算在21世纪的当下,科学家们仍然在研究并希望破解基因的奥秘,因此龙勃罗梭认为的那些犯罪人所具有的犯罪基因,是否真的存在并且准确,还有待现代科学技术的进一步的论证,毕竟归纳推理得出的结论并不是真理,只是无限接近真理,更何况还是早在19世纪通过归纳推理得出的结论呢?
   人类之所以为人类,是因为人类同时具有自然属性、社会属性和精神属性,若人类不具有社会属性和精神属性,那么,我认为天生犯罪人是存在的。但正因为人类通过后天因素所形成的社会属性和精神属性,可以导致具有龙勃罗梭所认定的犯罪基因的人没有实施犯罪,也可以导致原本不具有那些犯罪基因的人实施了犯罪,鉴于此,天生犯罪人又是不存在的。
   但是社会属性和精神属性是由外部环境造就的,外部环境是外因,基因是内因,内因具有主导作用。好的外因是可以影响甚至控制坏的内因,但是外因是无法改变内因的,我们只能期待外因都向好的方向发展,一但有所偏差,内因的主导作用将得到充分的发挥。坏的外因也是可以颠覆好的内因的,但是坏外因不容易影响好内因,而好外因是需要付出很多努力才能影响坏内因的。我国古语有云:“江山易改,本性难移”,或许说的就是这个道理。

2011年12月22日

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洪雅琴 律师
单位:上海诚达永华律师事务所
电话:13764413517
邮箱:shfalvguwen@qq.com
网站:www.上海法律顾问.com
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国家经济贸易委员会办公厅、劳动部办公厅、中华全国总工会办公厅关于印发《国有大中型企业富余人员分流和“企业办社会”转制问题研讨会纪要》的通知

国家经贸委办公厅 等


国家经济贸易委员会办公厅、劳动部办公厅、中华全国总工会办公厅关于印发《国有大中型企业富余人员分流和“企业办社会”转制问题研讨会纪要》的通知
国家经济贸易委员会办公厅、劳动部办公厅、中华全国总工会办公厅

国家经济贸易委员会办公厅、劳动部办公厅、中华全国总工会办公厅关于印发《国有大中型企业富余人员分流和“企业办社会”转制问题研讨会纪要》的通知


各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市经贸委(经委、计经委)、劳动(劳动人事)厅(局)、总工会、全国城镇集体经济研究会理事单位:
现将国家经贸委、劳动部、全国总工会和全国城镇集体经济研究会联合召开的国有大中型企业富余人员分流和“企业办社会”转制问题研讨会纪要印发你们。希望你们结合本地实际情况,研究采取切实可行的政策措施,积极推进企业富余人员分流和“企业办社会”分离的工作。

国有大中型企业富余人员分流和“企业办社会”转制问题研讨会纪要
1995年5月28~30日,国家经贸委、劳动部、全国总工会和全国城镇集体经济研究会在南京市联合召开了国有大中型企业富余人员分流和“企业办社会”转制问题研讨会。会议听取了国家经贸委副主任陈清泰、劳动部副部长林用三、全国总工会副主席方嘉德、全国城镇集体经
济研究会会长戴苏理和执行会长何光等同志的讲话。江苏省委副书记许仲林和副省长于兴德同志也到会并讲了话。上海、南京、成都、福州、平顶山等地的代表在大会发言介绍了有关经验。现将会议情况纪要如下:
一、分流、分离、势在必行
富余人员分流和“企业办社会”转制是建立社会主义市场经济体制和现代企业制度的重要步骤,对企业改革、经济发展和社会稳定都具有关键性意义。这是与会者的共识。

据悉,目前全国国有企业富余人员不少于1500万人。若按人均年工资4500元计,企业每年多开支工资675亿元。
上海市总工会对9626户企业的调查统计显示,1994年6月底,尚未安置的下岗待工人数占职工总数的5.2%,男女职工分别为4%和7%,他们中间56.8%是36~45岁的大龄职工。另据有关部门统计,全国放长假待岗人员已达300万人。
目前全国企业自办的中小学校有1.8万所,在校学生610万人,教职员工60万人,每年办学经费约30亿元(不包括基建投资)。全国企业与非卫生部门自办的卫生机构11万个,约占全国卫生机构的2/3,职工140万人。企业自办其他后勤服务单位更普遍。
“企业办社会”和富余人员问题,不仅导致企业低效、财政减收、资源浪费和机制僵化,已成为国有企业深化改革、增强活力的严重障碍,而且将影响社会稳定,已到了非解决不可的时候。
二、既要积极,又须慎重
鉴于这两大问题成因复杂,涉及面广,同职工切身利益息息相关,企业间、地区间差异又相当大,且目前劳动力市场和社会保障体制尚在建立过程中,因此,与会者认为,这些问题的解决,既要积极,又须慎重,应把握好如下原则:
1.分离分流是企业的事,更是政府的事。要坚持从实际出发,尊重群众首创精神,允许多种可行形式并存、竞争,不搞“一刀切”。同时注意治标同治本衔接,使解决现实问题的过程成为促进我国逐步建立企业破产、减员和社会保障、再就业相结合的新机制的过程。
2.要正确处理改革、发展和稳定三者关系,充分发挥政府、企业和职工三方面积极性,十分重视依靠全社会各方面的力量,按照小平同志讲的三个“有利于”积极探索解决途径。
3.要坚持党的“一切为了群众”、“一切依靠群众”的宗旨和路线,立足于人力资源开发和利用,组织分流职工和分离单位开展“第二次创业”,发展劳动力市场,广开就业门路,为企业自主用工、职工自主择业创造条件。
三、“企业办社会”分离:经验与难点
1.“企业办社会”转制,实质是社会职能同企业经济职能分离,实现服务事业社会化。这种职能分离,目前能一步到位的极少,大多企业采用多种形式、分步实施。
——先改造,后分离。太原绒织印染厂先给待分离单位适当投入,添置设备,培训人才,让其形成独立经营基础后直接进入市场。
——先承包,后分离。西北国棉七厂实行医院、学校经费总承包和其他后勤服务单位工资奖金总承包,待承包单位具备条件时再分离。
——先在企业内部实行职能分离。攀钢集团将分散在各二级单位的服务部门分离出来,在全公司范围内组建了专业化的服务经济实体。
——采取双重身份的不定期过渡形式。中航成都发动机公司职工医院,由市卫生局授权增挂“成都市新华人民医院”院牌,全面开放社会医疗服务,企业定额拨给医院事业经费,逐年递减,医院自求收支平衡,但未定分离期限。
——由企业同政府部门签订了明确的分步到位协议。太原钢铁公司已同当地教育部门达成5年内分步移交企业自办中小学的协议,企业支付的教育经费以1994年实际支出为基数,逐年递减20%。
2.据与会者反映,“企业办社会”职能分离,当前存在如下难点:
(1)政府接纳能力不足,关键是经费。如成都市企业自办中小学若全部分离出来,一年需办学经费1.8亿元,市政府目前尚难承受。
(2)企业担心医院、学校交出后反而加重负担。据12个“优化资本结构”试点城市调查,职工医药费相当工资总额的比例,有自办医院的企业为6.7%,而城市平均为9.7%。青岛市一个矿办学校交县办后,学校“集资”、派车、要煤,企业都不敢拒绝,因有职工子女在校上
学。
(3)有些厂办学校或卫生机构没有竞争力,或者当地同类机构已饱和,分离后很难生存。而办得好的职工子弟学校,企业则担心交出后可能降低教学质量,影响企业职工队伍稳定。
(5)企业内部单位分离经营后增加纳税环节,企业顾虑重复纳税或加重税负。
四、富余人员分流:经验与困难
1.企业富余人员分流,经各方努力,收到了一定成效,但分流的难度也在加大。上海市总工会调查的9626户企业,从1993年1月至1994年6月,共分流安置了下岗待工人员289644人(次),但仍有199038人尚未安置,其中21.8%已下岗两年以上。从动
态看,未安置人数逐年增加,下岗待工周期趋长。已分流安置的人员,按途径分,26.1%为企业内部转岗和三产安置,5.2%为劳务输出,其余68.7%依次分别为:企业内部待退休17.9%,流向社会15.0%,留职停薪12.4%,调出人员12.0%,提前退休6.9
%,其他4.5%。可见,其中仍有不少遗留问题,但这是现有环境中的可行办法。
2.目前企业富余人员分流安置工作分别在企业、产业部门和社会三个层次进行。1994年,全国领取失业救济金人数不到富余人员数的20%。这表明,80%以上富余人员的分流安置任务仍由企业与产业部门承担。
许多企业建立了内部“劳动力市场”。例如,唐山钢铁(集团)公司组建了劳动实业公司作为企业劳动力资源的“蓄水池”。它无条件地接收主体生产单位的下岗职工,组织转岗培训和劳动力供需洽谈、双向选择。同时,组织未上岗职工开展生产自救和从事临时性劳务。目前一般企业
分流富余人员的门路主要是发展多种经营,特别是第三产业。

产业层次组织分流安置工作,成效较显著的是上海纺织和北京一轻。上海市纺织国有资产经营管理公司成立了劳动力置换公司,作为其系统内劳动力结构调整中实施战略决策、协调、策划和置换的宏观调控机构,但不包揽富余人员安置任务。它与分设在上海纺织各行业的16个工作站
组成网络,共享信息,联手操作,指导企业组织分流安置,或接受企业委托帮助策划和协调。该公司同上海航空公司联手组织纺织女工报考空中乘务员,有2317人报名,录取18名。由此引发的“空嫂效应”,大大促进了纺织职工的再就业。仅招收“空嫂”三个月间,上海纺织职工就
分流15846名。上海纺织系统通过企业自行开拓就业门路、输送劳动力市场、职工挂职自谋出路、大龄职工“离岗不离编”集体劳务输送和年老体弱者退养等“五座桥梁”,自1991年以来已减员15.7万人,占1991年职工总数55.16万人的28.5%。
北京一轻总公司结合国有资产存量调整,成立京轻劳务开发公司。它以转业培训和信息交流为中心组织职工分流。培训项目面向市场需求。通过培训,职工不仅学了新的技能,而且增强了自主择业意识。“退二进三”试点单位北京火柴厂,经培训后,35%职工自己找到了就业门路。


社会分流安置,是以劳动部门为主,综合运用国家政策扶持和职业介绍、就业培训、失业保险和劳服企业等就业服务手段,促进失业职工再就业的实现,并帮助企业分流安置富余人员。当前的任务是按照国务院办公厅转发的劳动部报告在全国实施“再就业工程”。
3.据地方与企业反映,当前企业富余人员分流的困难主要是:
(1)富余人员分流安置的关键是开发,开发性安置和转业培训需要一定资金投入,但目前大多数企业和地方产业部门缺乏资金来源。
(2)由于失业保险制度还不完善,承受能力有限,社会安置路子不宽,企业仍担负着主要安置任务。
(3)由于社会保障制度尚不健全,部门之间、所有制之间、地区之间、企业之间差异较大,制约着劳动力的合理流动。
(4)国务院1993年发布的《国有企业富余职工安置规定》(国务院第111号令)规定的国家扶持企业发展多种经营分流安置富余职工的减免税政策,在财税体制改革后,许多地方难以继续执行,从而企业分流安置的难度增大。
(5)由于一些企业经济效益不好,有的处于停产、半停产状态,国务院关于保障职工基本生活和《关于发放国有企业流动资金贷款的紧急通知》银传〔94〕34号)规定的基本生活费在一些地方和企业还不落实,形成不安定因素。
五、鼓励社会各方面兴办集体企业、股份合作企业、中小企业,发挥它们对分流、分离的作用
1.与会者普遍认为,企业富余人员分流和“企业办社会”职能分离,完全依靠完善社会保障制度不行,从根本上要着眼于发展经济创造新的就业机会,需要国家从总体战略和各方面具体政策上鼓励以公有制为主体的多种经济成份、多种企业形式共同发展。公有与私有企业要共同发展
。公有企业中,国有与非国有企业也要共同发展,国有企业、集体企业、合作企业和股份合作企业都是公有企业。
2.与会者分析了集体企业对就业安置作出的贡献及其面临的困难。70年代末、80年代初,面对1700万待业青年需要安置就业的压力,根据国家、集体、个人一齐上的“三结合”就业方针,各地方和企业按照“组织起来就业”的方针,大力兴办集体企业,成了当时安置就业的
主渠道之一。1984年城镇集体企业职工人数比1978年增加1168万人,增长57.0%,同期国有单位增加1186万人,增长15.9%,二者净增绝对数十分接近,增长速度则集体企业大大快于国有单位。但是,由于多数城镇集体企业继续沿用“二国营”模式,并受不利发
展的政策制约,80年代中期以后,集体企业职工人数增长趋向停滞。1992年同1986年相比,国有单位职工人数增长16.7%,而城镇集体企业仅增长5.8%,1993年还比1992年净减228万人,1994年比1993年继续减少182万人。有鉴于此,与会者呼吁
政府研究、调整对城镇集体企业的政策,以加快集体企业的改革和发展。
3.会上交流的上海推行股份合作制促进国有企业人员分流、职能分离的经验引起与会者的兴趣。上海在国有企业推行股份合作制的做法大体有三类。
一是国有大中型企业将辅助部门分离改组为股份合作企业。如天原化工厂的运输队独立组建为股份合作企业“天原运输开发公司”,有偿租赁天原化工厂31辆卡车和加油站、维修工场,自主经营,自负盈亏。该公司110多名职工全员入股出资30万元(150股,每股2000元
)。职工按完成的运输量计酬。改制前,一到下午二、三点钟就不肯再出车;改制后,主动揽活,随叫随到,加油站24小时对外服务。天原厂过去每年给运输队补贴约80万元,工资福利开支约90万元,改制后不仅免去了这些支出,而且每年收入租赁费50.5万元,增收节支合计2
00多万元。该公司从1993年7月1日成立至1995年3月底已实现利润322万元。它用利润再投资,加上贷款,已添置10辆卡车,并引进世界先进洗车设备对外服务。
二是国有企业开展多种经营、分离富余人员组建的股份合作企业。仅杨树浦区现在已办105家,职工2万多人,注册资本近2亿元,多数是职工股。宝钢新事业发展总公司也已于1993年改组为股份合作企业。
三是国有小企业由全体职工出资买断产权,改制为股份合作企业。国有弄堂小厂上海灯具厂由全厂202名职工一次买断,同时承担87名退休职工医药费、补助金等义务,于1994年4月改制为股份合作企业。股份全部为职工个人股,每人认股额依岗位工资系数与贡献有所差别,
人均5000元,经营者认股为平均额的3倍。改制后,全厂职工同舟共济,加快了企业转机、改造和开发步伐。1994年4~12月实现利润比上年同期增长1倍,1995年1~4月又比上年同期增长近2倍。
4.会议交流了各级工会兴办工会企事业和职业介绍机构帮助分流富余人员的经验。1994年底,全国工会企事业单位已达13万个(其中经营性实体6.4万个),就业人数90万人,其中安置企业富余人员、困难职工家属和社会失业人员67万人。它们是以工会投入为基础兴办
的社团集体所有制企事业。重点发展直接为职工提供社会化服务和增强保障功能的产业,如职工消费合作社、职工住宅合作社、职工城市信用合作社、职工互助共济和互助保险合作社等等,并正在加快建立促进企业富余人员分流的再就业服务体系。工会系统举办的职业介绍机构成功介绍7
.8万失业职工再就业,培训失业人员78万人次。30多个城市工会开办了以介绍失业职工和富余人员临时性就业为主要目的的扶贫解困贸易市场和扶贫基地,安排了近50万下岗人员就业。他们发展职工技协组织的功能,推广应用新工艺、新材料,开发新产品,稍加扶持,就迅速形成
实体。工会系统的文化宫、俱乐部、体育场、疗养院和休养所等也向社会开放,发展旅游服务和文化娱乐事业。目前,各级工会正以股份合作制和会员合作制作为工会社团集体所有制的基本实现形式,进一步发展工会企事业。
5.会议也交流了发展各种形式的中小企业促进就业的经验。在辽宁省,近三、四年来,区街经济的发展成为城市经济的新的增长点。全省区街经济产值从1990年80亿元增长到1994年700亿元,1994年仅纳税就达30亿元。区街经济灵活多样,创新力强,国有大企业
不易跳出本行业圈子去办的那些高新技术企业,区街经济却能兴办。
6.与会者认为,集体企业尤其是股份合作企业的发展,可以为创造就业机会、促进国有企业职工分流作出重大贡献,但当前政策环境并不宽松。
(1)有关部门现行的经济类型划分标准规定,只有“使用集体投资举办的企业”或者“个人通过集资自愿放弃所有权”的企业才能认定为集体企业。这就排斥了劳动者自愿组合、自筹资金实现劳动合作的企业,与鼓励劳动者组织起来就业的方针背道而驰,而且要劳动者“自愿放弃所
有权”,显然是对劳动者的剥夺。
(2)有关部门关于集体企业国有资产产权界定的行政法规只讲“产权界定遵循‘谁投资、谁拥有产权’原则”,即只承认资本增殖,不承认集体企业职工的劳动合作与劳动增殖。这将使集体企业产权受极大损失。此外,它还将集体企业税前还贷形成的资产界定为国有资产,也使国家
政策失信于民。这些规定已在不少地方引起企业和职工的疑虑,对国有企事业单位继续扶持兴办集体企业、股份合作企业产生不利影响。
(3)对股份合作企业职工自筹资金的股息完全等同于股份公司分红征收个人所得税,使职工出资承担了企业风险反而比银行存款和买国库券吃亏,因而限制了职工自筹资金、自愿组合股份合作企业的积极性。
(4)集体企业、股份合作企业的融资渠道不畅。银行信贷规模控制先保国有企业,往往无力顾及集体企业、股份合作企业的贷款需求。
六、政策建议
1.企业富余人员分流和“企业办社会”分离是关系到改革深化、经济发展和社会稳定大局的结构性重大调整,任务重,难度大,影响深,亟需制定战略规划和配套政策,并纳入正在制定的“九五”计划,以便指导和支持各地因地制宜、因势利导、分步实施。
2.分流、分离组建的新企业,应立足于尽早建立产权清晰、权责明确、政企分开、管理科学的新机制。政府要制定鼓励新企业建立新机制的政策,并改变现行法规、政策中限制新企业建立新机制的那些条款。
3.建议废除现行经济类型划分标准中关于“个人通过集资自愿放弃所有权”才能被认定为集体企业的不合理规定,并制定与落实鼓励自愿组合、自筹资金的“组织起来就业”的政策。
4.今后国有企业扶持兴办分流、分离企业,不管什么形式,一开始就应明确界定彼此的产权。采取借贷、租赁和产权有偿转让办法的,要签订双方权利、义务明确的合同。作为投资的,在享有权益的同时,应对企业承担责任。
5.为了动员各方力量共同做好分流安置富余人员工作,建议提出,凡安置下岗待工人员比例达到劳服企业标准的各方兴办的企业,应平等享受劳服企业的优惠政策。
6.为了鼓励和支持职工自筹资金,通过劳动合作创造就业机会,建议对股份合作企业中职工股金所得相当于银行利率(含保值补贴率)的股息免征个人所得税,同股份公司股东分红收入区别对待。这是现代市场经济国家的通行做法。
7.要多方筹资、落实分流安置资金来源。建议筹集国有企业富余人员安置专项基金,用于结构调整中的职工安置。
8.建议制定与实施鼓励、扶持中小型企业发展的政策,包括金融、税收、信息、培训和咨询服务等各方面的扶持。
9.请各地政府部门认真贯彻国务院1993年第111号令,企业为安置富余职工而兴办的三产企业的减免税政策,可按财政部和国家税务总局联合下发的财税字〔1994〕001号文规定的劳服企业应享受的税收优惠政策执行。



1995年11月24日

SECURITIES (INSIDER DEALING) ORDINANCE ——附加英文版

Hong Kong


SECURITIES (INSIDER DEALING) ORDINANCE
 (CHAPTER 395)
 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
  
  ion
  I    PRELIMINARY
  hort title
  nterpretation
  pplication
  Connected with a corporation"
  ossession of relevant information obtained in privileged
capacity
  Dealing in securities"
  Take-over offer"
  Relevant information"
  II    INSIDER DEALING
  hen insider dealing takes place
  Certain persons not to be held insider dealers
  Trustees and personal representatives
  Exercise of right to subscribe for or acquire securities
  Duty of officers of corporation
  Insider dealing not void or voidable
  III   INSIDER DEALING TRIBUNAL
  Constitution of Tribunal Inquiries by Tribunal
  Inquiries into insider dealing
  Powers of Tribunal
  Further powers of Tribunal to obtain information
  Incriminating answers
  Offences
  Privileged information Report and orders of Tribunal
  Report of Tribunal following inquiry
  Orders etc. of Tribunal
  Order against officer of corporation
  Limitation on aggregate amount of penalties
  Witnesses' expenses
  Expenses of investigation and inquiry
  Form and proof of order of Tribunal
  Order of Tribunal may be registered in Court
  Offence
  IV    APPEALS
  Appeal to Court of Appeal
  Powers of the Court of Appeal on appeal
  Stay of execution on appeal
  V    MISCELLANEOUS
  Offences by corporation, etc.
  Limitation on commencement of proceedings
  Chief Justice may make rules
  44. (Omitted)
 Whole document:
  
  dule.
  rdinance to amend the law relating to insider dealing in 
securities;
  for connected purposes.
  eptember 1991] L. N. 269 of 1991
 PART I PRELIMINARY
  
  hort title
  Ordinance may be cited as the Securities (Insider Dealing)
Ordinance.
  nterpretation
  In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires--
  ociate", in relation to a person entitled to exercise or control 
the
  cise of voting power in relation to a corporation, means--
  that person's spouse, reputed spouse, person co-habiting 
with that
  on as a spouse, that person's brother, sister, parent, 
step-parent,
  d (natural or adopted) or step-child;
  any corporation of which that person is a director;
  any person who is an employee or partner of that person;
  if that person is a corporation--
  any director of that corporation;
  any related corporation of that corporation; and
  ) any director or employee of any such related corporation; and
  if that person has with any other person an agreement or 
arrangement
  respect to the acquisition, holding or disposal of shares or 
other
  rests in that corporation or under which they undertake 
to act
  ther in exercising their voting power in relation to it, that 
other
  on;
  k or other document" includes--
  books of a banker;
  cheques, orders for the payment of money, bills of 
exchange, and
  issory notes in the possession or under the control of a banker;
  securities in the possession or under the control of a banker,
whether
  ay of pledge or otherwise;
  any document or record used in the ordinary course of business 
of a
  ;
  any record so used which is kept otherwise than in a legible form 
and
  apable of being reproduced in a legible form; and
  any accounts or deeds;
  mission" means the Securities and Futures Commission 
established by
  Securities and Futures Commission Ordinance (Cap. 24);
  pany" means a company as defined in section 2 (1) of the 
Companies
  nance (Cap. 32);
  troller", in relation to a corporation, means any person--
  in accordance with whose directions or instructions the 
directors of
  corporation or of another corporation of which it is a subsidiary 
are
  stomed to act; or
  who, either alone or with any associate, is entitled to exercise, 
or
  rol the exercise of, more than 33% of the voting power at 
general
  ings of the corporation or of another corporation of which it 
is a
  idiary, and references in this Ordinance to "control" 
shall be
  trued accordingly; "corporation" means any company or 
other body
  orate or an unincorporated body, incorporated or formed either
in Hong
  or elsewhere;
  
  ector" includes--
  any person occupying the position of director, by 
whatever name
  ed; and
  any person in accordance with whose directions or 
instructions the
  ctors of the corporation are accustomed to act;
  ument" includes any register, book, record, tape recording, any 
form
  omputer input or output, and any other document or similar
material
  ther produced mechanically, electrically, or manually, or by any
other
  s whatsoever);
  h Court" means the High Court of Justice;
  ding company" means a corporation which is a holding company 
within
  meaning of section 2 of the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 32);
  uiry" means an inquiry instituted under section 16;
  ider dealer" means a person who perpetrates any act which 
is an
  der dealing within the meaning of section 9 and also means a 
person
  is to be regarded as an insider dealer under section 16 (6);
  ider dealing" means an insider dealing within the meaning of 
section
  
  ted securities" means securities that are listed on the 
Unified
  ange at the time of any insider dealing in relation 
to those
  rities;
  icer" in relation to a corporation includes a director, 
manager or
  etary, and in relation to an unincorporated body includes every
member
  he governing body thereof; "related corporation", in relation 
to a
  oration, means--
  any corporation that is that corporation's subsidiary or 
holding
  any or a subsidiary of that corporation's holding company;
  any corporation a controller of which is also a controller of 
that
  oration; "relevant share capital" means a corporation's issued 
share
  tal of a class carrying rights to vote at general meetings 
of the
  oration;
  urities" means any shares, stocks, debentures, loan stocks, 
funds,
  s, or notes of, or issued by, any body, whether 
incorporated or
  corporated, or of any government or local government authority, 
and
  udes--
  rights, options, or interests (whether described as 
units  or
  rwise) in or in respect of any of the foregoing;
  certificates of interest or participation in, or temporary or 
interim
  ificates for, receipts for, or warrants to subscribe to or 
purchase,
  of the foregoing; or
  any instruments commonly known as securities;
  sidiary" means any corporation which is a subsidiary 
within the
  ing of section 2 of the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 32);
  bunal" has the meaning given to it in section 15;
  fied Exchange" means the stock market established under section
27 of
  Stock Exchanges Unification Ordinance (Cap. 361).
  For the purpose of the definition of "controller", where a 
person is
  tled to exercise or control the exercise of 33% or more of the 
voting
  r at general meetings of a corporation and that 
corporation is
  tled to exercise or control the exercise of any of the voting power
at
  ral meetings of another corporation ("the effective voting 
power")
  the effective voting power at general meetings of 
that other
  oration is taken as exercisable by that person.
  
  A person shall not be deemed to be a person in accordance with 
whose
  ctions or instructions the directors of a corporation are 
accustomed
  ct by reason only that the directors of the corporation act on 
advice
  n by him in a professional capacity.
  In this Ordinance securities are deemed to be listed on the 
Unified
  ange notwithstanding that dealings in such securities 
have been
  ended.
  In this Ordinance a reference to an interest in securities is 
to be
  as including an interest of any kind whatsoever in the 
securities;
  accordingly there are to be disregarded any restraints or
restrictions
  hich the exercise of any right attached to the interest 
may be
  ect.
  pplication
  Ordinance shall not have effect with respect to an insider dealing
in
  tion to the listed securities of a corporation which has taken 
place
  re the commencement of this Ordinance.
  Connected with a corporation"
  A person is connected with a corporation for the purposes of
section 9
  being an individual--
  he is a director or employee of that corporation or a 
related
  oration; or
  he is a substantial shareholder in the corporation or a 
related
  oration; or
  he occupies a position which may reasonably be expected to give 
him
  ss to relevant information concerning the corporation by virtue
of--
  any professional or business relationship existing between
himself (or
  employer or a corporation of which he is a director or a firm of
which
  s a partner) and that corporation, a related corporation or an
officer
  ubstantial shareholder in either of such corporations; or
  his being a director, employee or partner of a 
substantial
  eholder in the corporation or a related corporation; or
  he has access to relevant information in relation to the 
corporation
  irtue of his being connected (within the meaning of paragraph (a),
(b)
  c)) with another corporation, being information which relates 
to any
  saction (actual or contemplated) involving both those
corporations or
  lving one of them and the listed securities of the other or to 
the
  that such transaction is no longer contemplated; or
  he was at any time within the 6 months preceding any 
dealing in
  tion to listed securities within the meaning of section 9 a 
person
  ected with the corporation within the meaning of paragraph (a),
(b),
  or (d).
  A corporation is a person connected with a corporation 
for the
  oses of section 9 so long as any of its directors or employees 
is a
  on connected with that other corporation within the 
meaning of
  ection (1).
  In subsection (1), "substantial shareholder" in 
relation to a
  oration means a person who has an interest in the relevant 
share
  tal of that corporation which has a nominal value equal to or 
more
  10% of the nominal value of the relevant share capital of 
that
  oration.
  
  ossession of relevant information obtained in privileged
capacity
  A public officer or a member or employee (whether such 
member or
  oyee is temporary or permanent, paid or unpaid) of any body 
referred
  n subsection (2), who in his capacity as such receives 
relevant
  rmation concerning a corporation shall be deemed to be a 
person
  ected with that corporation for the purposes of section 9.
  The bodies referred to in subsection (1) are--
  the Executive Council;
  the Legislative Council;
  the Futures Exchange Company, Stock Exchange Company or any 
clearing
  e;
  any board, commission, committee or other body appointed by 
or on
  lf of the Governor or the Governor in Council under any Ordinance;
  any body corporate established or incorporated by Ordinance; and
  any body corporate specified by the Financial Secretary by 
notice
  ished in the Gazette.
  In this section--
  aring house" means a clearing house within the meaning of section
2
  of the Commodities Trading Ordinance (Cap. 250) or authorized 
under
  other Ordinance to carry on business as a clearing house in
respect of
  rities;
  ures Exchange Company" means the Exchange Company within the 
meaning
  ection 2 (1) of the Commodities Trading Ordinance (Cap. 250);
  ck Exchange Company" means the Exchange Company within the
meaning of
  ion 2 (1) of the Stock Exchanges Unification Ordinance (Cap. 361).
  In the case of a body referred to in subsection (2) which 
has no
  ers the reference in subsection (1) to a member shall be construed 
as
  ference to a member of the governing body thereof.
  Dealing in securities"
  the purposes of this Ordinance, a person deals in securities if
  ther as principal or agent) he buys, sells, exchanges or 
subscribes
  or agrees to buy, sell, exchange or subscribe for, any securities 
or
  ires or disposes of, or agrees to acquire or dispose of, the right 
to
  sell, exchange or subscribe for, any securities.
  Take-over offer"
  his Ordinance, "take-over offer for a corporation" means an offer
made
  ll the holders (or all the holders other than the person making 
the
  r and his nominees) of the shares in the corporation to acquire 
those
  es or a specified proportion of them, or to all the holders (or 
all
  holders other than the person making the offer and his nominees)
of a
  icular class of those shares to acquire the shares of that class
or a
  ified proportion of them.
  Relevant information"
  his Ordinance "relevant information" in relation to a 
corporation
  s specific information about that corporation which is not 
generally
  n to those persons who are accustomed or would be likely to deal 
in
  listed securities of that corporation but which would if 
it were
  rally known to them be likely materially to affect the price of 
those
  rities.
 PART II INSIDER DEALING
  
  hen insider dealing takes place
  Insider dealing in relation to the listed securities of a 
corporation
  s place--
  when a person connected with a corporation who is in 
possession of
  rmation which he knows is relevant information in relation to 
that
  oration deals in any listed securities of that corporation (or
in the
  ed securities of a related corporation) or counsels or 
procures
  her person to deal in such listed securities knowing or 
having
  onable cause to believe that such person would deal in them;
  when a person who is contemplating or has contemplated making
(whether
  or without another person) a take-over offer for a corporation 
and
  knows that the information that the offer is contemplated or 
is no
  er contemplated is relevant information in  relation 
to  that
  oration, deals in the listed securities of that corporation (or
in the
  ed securities of a related corporation) or counsels or 
procures
  her person to deal in those listed securities, otherwise than for 
the
  ose of such take-over;
  when relevant information in relation to a corporation is 
disclosed
  ctly or indirectly, by a person connected with that 
corporation, to
  her person and the first-mentioned person knows that the 
information
  elevant information in relation to the corporation and knows 
or has
  onable cause for believing that the other person will make use
of the
  rmation for the purpose of dealing, or counselling or 
procuring
  her to deal, in the listed securities of that corporation (or in 
the
  ed securities of a related corporation);
  when a person who is contemplating or has contemplated making
(whether
  or without another person) a take-over offer for a corporation 
and
  knows that the information that the offer is contemplated or 
is no
  er contemplated is relevant information in  relation 
to  that
  oration, discloses that information, directly or 
indirectly, to
  her person and the first-mentioned person knows or has 
reasonable
  e for believing that the other person will make use of the
information
  the purpose in dealing, or in counselling or procuring 
another to
  , in the listed securities of that corporation (or in the 
listed
  rities of a related corporation);
  when a person who has information which he knows is 
relevant
  rmation in relation to a corporation which he received 
(directly or
  rectly) from a person--
  whom he knows is connected with that corporation; and
  whom he knows or has reasonable cause to believe 
held that
  rmation by virtue of being so connected,
  s in the listed securities of that corporation (or in the 
listed
  rities of a related corporation) or counsels or procures 
another
  on to deal in those listed securities;
  when a person who has received (directly or indirectly) from a 
person
  he knows or has reasonable cause to believe is contemplating or
is no
  er contemplating a take-over offer for a corporation, 
information to
  effect and knows that such information is relevant 
information in
  tion to that corporation, deals in the listed securities 
of that
  oration (or in the listed securities of a related 
corporation) or
  sels or procures another person to deal in those listed
securities.
  
  An insider dealing in relation to the listed 
securities of a
  oration also takes place when a person who is knowingly in 
possession
  elevant information in relation to that corporation in any 
of the
  umstances described in subsection (1) --
  counsels or procures any other person to deal in the listed
securities
  hat corporation (or in the listed securities of a related
corporation)
  he knowledge or with reasonable cause to believe that, that 
person
  d deal in those listed securities outside Hong Kong on any 
stock
  ange other than the Unified Exchange; or
  discloses that relevant information to any other person 
in the
  ledge or with reasonable cause to believe that, that or some 
other
  on will make use of that information for the purpose of dealing,
or of
  selling or procuring any other person to deal, in 
the listed
  rities of that corporation (or in the listed securities of a 
related
  oration) outside Hong Kong on any stock exchange other 
than the
  ied Exchange.

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